Abstract: Since 1997 when the law On hydraulic structures safety was put into effect, all hydraulic structures whose failure would result in emergency situation must have their safety level assessed.
Operating state and failure risk are one of the basic factors, which define safety level. As the dam state is evaluated, all the necessary measures for providing normal operating state and safety level in the large are outlined, hydraulic structure failure scenarios are justified, state monitoring recommendations are developed if necessary.
Failure risk is a combination of failure probability (or average annual failure frequency) and failure consequence (third-party losses).
Optimal failure risk management is conducted in two directions: by reducing structure failure probability and by mitigating failure consequences. In the first case the key factors are: dam state supervision, monitoring including Data Diagnostic Systems designed for safety control, justification, planning and timely maintenance.
The severity of failure consequences can be reduced first of all by organizational measures. At the same time the following conditions must be met: availability of information concerning different failure
scenarios and ways of their development (this information can be obtained from the results of structure state and its failure probability evaluation); dam break wave and flood zone parameters (in case of hydrodynamic failure); information concerning possible third-party losses.
This paper describes complex approach for the support of dam safety and reliability with JSC“RusHydro”Hydraulic Structures Safety and Reliability Management System as an example. Basic principles of dam failure risk management and its role in the support of reliability and safety of hydraulic structures in Russia are also described in the report. A number of high dams are used as examples to describe the ways of safety and reliability management, including those based on dam state evaluation results.

Key words: safety level, failure, risk management, dam safety

摘要： 自1997年《水工建筑物安全法》施行以来，对所有因失事可能导致出现紧急情况的水工建筑物都必须进行安全等级评估。
运行状态和失事风险是基本要素之一，其决定了安全等级。评估大坝状态之后，大体上就可以拟定出保持大坝正常运行状态和安全等级的所有必要措施、预测出水工建筑物的失事场景以及给出状态监控建议，如果需要的话。
失事风险是失事概率（或年均失事频率）和失事后果的组合（第三方损失）。
优秀的失事风险管理的执行注重两个方面，即减小结构失事概率和减轻失事后果。在第一种情况中，关键因素是大坝状态监察、监测（包括设计用于安全控制的数据诊断系统）、论证、计划和及时的维护。
失事后果严重性首先可由组织措施来减轻。同时还应满足下列条件：有关不同失事场景信息及失事的发展过程信息的可获取性（这一信息可从结构物状态和其失事概率评估结果中获取）；溃坝洪水波和洪水淹没区参数（如果发生水动破坏）；有关可能的第三方损失的信息。
笔者以俄罗斯水电集团公司的水工建筑物安全和可靠性管理系统为例，介绍了综合的大坝安全和可靠性支撑方法。也介绍了溃坝风险管理的基本原则和其在俄罗斯水工建筑物可靠性和安全性支撑方面的作用。文中采用了许多高坝案例来叙述安全和可靠性管理的方法，包括基于大坝状态评估结果的方法。

关键词: 安全等级, 失事, 风险管理, 大坝安全